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<title>Informatics</title>

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Informatics

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the discipline. For other uses, see <a href="Informatics_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Informatics (disambiguation)">Informatics (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">Library science</a> or <a href="Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a>.</div>

Informatics is the study of computational systems.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> According to the <a href="Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a> Europe Council and <a href="Informatics_Europe" title="Informatics Europe">Informatics Europe</a>, informatics is synonymous with <a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> and <a href="Computing" title="Computing">computing</a> as a profession,<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a> in which the central notion is <a href="Data_processing" title="Data processing">transformation of information</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> In some cases, the term "informatics" may also be used with different meanings, e.g., in the context of <a href="Social_computing" title="Social computing">social computing</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-5">[5]</a> or <a href="Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">library science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wellisch_157–187-6">[6]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Different_meanings">Different meanings</h2></div>

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<th>United States

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<th>Germany

</th>

<th>Russia

</th>

<th>France

</th>

<th>Italy

</th>

<th>English transcription

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a>, <a href="Computing" title="Computing">Computing</a>

</td>

<td>Informatik

</td>

<td>Информатика (Latinized: informatika)

</td>

<td>Informatique

</td>

<td>Informatica

</td>

<td>Informatics

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a>

</td>

<td>Theoretische Informatik

</td>

<td>Теоретическая информатика

</td>

<td>Informatique théorique

</td>

<td>Informatica teorica

</td>

<td>Theoretical informatics

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a>

</td>

<td>Technische Informatik

</td>

<td>Инженерная информатика

</td>

<td>Ingénierie or génie informatique

</td>

<td>Ingegneria informatica

</td>

<td><a href="Technical_informatics" title="Technical informatics">Technical informatics</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Neurocomputing" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurocomputing">Neurocomputing</a>, <a href="Neural_computation" title="Neural computation">Neural computation</a>

</td>

<td>Neuroinformatik

</td>

<td>Нейроинформатика

</td>

<td>Neuro-informatique

</td>

<td>Neuroinformatica

</td>

<td><a href="Neuroinformatics" title="Neuroinformatics">Neuroinformatics</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Psychoinformatics" title="Psychoinformatics">Psychoinformatics</a>

</td>

<td>Psychoinformatik

</td>

<td>Психоинформатика

</td>

<td>Psychoinformatique

</td>

<td>Psicoinformatica

</td>

<td>Psychoinformatics

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>

</td>

<td>Bioinformatik

</td>

<td>Биоинформатика

</td>

<td>Bioinformatique

</td>

<td>Bioinformatica

</td>

<td>Bioinformatics

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Hydroinformatics" title="Hydroinformatics">Hydroinformatics</a>

</td>

<td>Hydroinformatik

</td>

<td>Гидроинформатика

</td>

<td>Hydroinformatique

</td>

<td>Idroinformatica

</td>

<td>Hydroinformatics

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Ecoinformatics" title="Ecoinformatics">Ecoinformatics</a>

</td>

<td>Ökoinformatik

</td>

<td>Экоинформатика

</td>

<td>Écoinformatique

</td>

<td>Ecoinformatica

</td>

<td>Ecoinformatics

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Social_informatics" title="Social informatics">Social informatics</a>

</td>

<td>Sozioinformatik

</td>

<td>Социальная информатика

</td>

<td>Socioinformatique

</td>

<td>Socioinformatica

</td>

<td>Social informatics

</td></tr>

</tbody></table>

In some countries, depending on local interpretations and contexts, the term "informatics" is used synonymously to mean <a href="Information_system" title="Information system">information systems</a>, <a href="Information_science" title="Information science">information science</a>, <a href="Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a>, <a href="Information_engineering" title="Information engineering">information engineering</a>, <a href="Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>, information processing, or other theoretical or practical fields. In Germany, the term informatics closely corresponds to modern computer science. Accordingly, universities in <a href="Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a> usually translate "informatics" as <a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, or sometimes <a href="Information_and_computer_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and computer science">information and computer science</a>, although <a href="Technical_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical universities">technical universities</a> may translate it as <a href="Computer_science_%26_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer science & engineering">computer science & engineering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In some countries, this term is associated with <a href="Natural_computation" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural computation">natural computation</a> and <a href="Neural_computation" title="Neural computation">neural computation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

In the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, however, the term informatics is mostly used in context of <a href="Data_science" title="Data science">data science</a>, <a href="Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">library science</a><a href="#cite_note-Wellisch_157–187-6">[6]</a> or its applications in <a href="Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a> (<a href="Health_informatics" title="Health informatics">health informatics</a>),<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> where it first appeared in the US.

The <a href="University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> uses this term to refer to <a href="Social_computing" title="Social computing">social computing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-5">[5]</a>

The <a href="Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a> uses the term to refer to operational units offering network and computer services to the various departments.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Computer_science#Etymology" title="Computer science">Computer science § Etymology</a>, and <a href="History_of_computer_science" title="History of computer science">History of computer science</a></div>

In 1956, the German informatician <a href="Karl_Steinbuch" title="Karl Steinbuch">Karl Steinbuch</a> and engineer <a href="Helmut_Gr%C3%B6ttrup" title="Helmut Gröttrup">Helmut Gröttrup</a> coined the word Informatik when they developed the Informatik-Anlage<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> for the <a href="Arcandor" title="Arcandor">Quelle</a> mail-order management, one of the earliest commercial applications of data processing. In April 1957, Steinbuch published a paper called Informatik: Automatische Informationsverarbeitung ("Informatics: Automatic Information Processing").<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The morphology—informat-ion + -ics—uses "the accepted form for names of sciences, as conics, mathematics, linguistics, optics, or matters of practice, as economics, politics, tactics",<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and so, linguistically, the meaning extends easily to encompass both the science of information and the practice of information processing. The German word Informatik is usually translated to English as<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> computer science by universities or computer science & engineering by technical universities (German equivalents for institutes of technology). Depending on the context, informatics is also translated into computing, scientific computing or information and computer technology. The <a href="French_language" title="French language">French</a> term informatique was coined in 1962 by <a href="Philippe_Dreyfus" title="Philippe Dreyfus">Philippe Dreyfus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In the same month was also proposed independently by Walter F. Bauer (1924–2015) and associates who co-founded software company <a href="Dataproducts#Informatics" title="Dataproducts">Informatics Inc</a>. The term for the new discipline quickly spread throughout Europe, but it did not catch on in the United States. Over the years, many different definitions of informatics have been developed, most of them claim that the essence of informatics is one of these concepts: information processing, algorithms, computation, information, algorithmic processes, computational processes or computational systems.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Computational_informatics" title="Computational informatics">Computational informatics</a></div>

The earliest uses of the term informatics in the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a> was during the 1950s with the beginning of computer use in <a href="Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-19">[19]</a> Early practitioners interested in the field soon learned that there were no formal education programs, and none emerged until the late 1960s. They introduced the term informatics only in the context of <a href="Archival_science" title="Archival science">archival science</a>, which is only a small part of informatics. Professional development, therefore, played a significant role in the development of health informatics.<a href="#cite_note-:3-19">[19]</a> According to Imhoff et al., 2001, healthcare informatics is not only the application of computer technology to problems in healthcare, but covers all aspects of generation, handling, communication, storage, retrieval, management, analysis, discovery, and synthesis of data information and knowledge in the entire scope of healthcare. Furthermore, they stated that the primary goal of health informatics can be distinguished as follows: To provide solutions for problems related to data, information, and knowledge processing. To study general principles of processing data information and knowledge in medicine and healthcare.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The term <a href="Health_informatics" title="Health informatics">health informatics</a> quickly spread throughout the United States in various forms such as <a href="Nursing_informatics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nursing informatics">nursing informatics</a>, <a href="Public_health_informatics" title="Public health informatics">public health informatics</a> or <a href="Medical_informatics" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical informatics">medical informatics</a>. Analogous terms were later introduced for use of computers in various fields, such as <a href="Business_informatics" title="Business informatics">business informatics</a>, <a href="Forest_informatics" title="Forest informatics">forest informatics</a>, <a href="Legal_informatics" title="Legal informatics">legal informatics</a> etc. These fields still mainly use term informatics in context of library science.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Informatics_as_information_processing_science">Informatics as information processing science</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Cognitive_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive Science">Cognitive Science § Namings</a></div>

In the early 1980s, K.A Nicholas published "Informatics: Ready for the Information Society" proposing a definition of Informatics as "the study and the practice of skills related to information, its collection, storage, retrieval, analysis and publication. In short; - Information Handling." It had been developed in the South Australian Education System at a grass roots level. <K.A Nicholas published "Informatics: Ready for the Information Society" 1983 - National Library of Australia>

In the early 1990s, K.K. Kolin proposed an interpretation of informatics as a fundamental science that studies information processes in nature, society, and technical systems.<a href="#cite_note-:0-22">[22]</a>

A broad interpretation of informatics, as "the study of the structure, algorithms, behaviour, and interactions of natural and artificial computational systems," was introduced by the <a href="University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> in 1994. This has led to the merger of the institutes of computer science, artificial intelligence and cognitive science into a single <a href="School_of_Informatics%2C_University_of_Edinburgh" title="School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh">School of Informatics</a> in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>

More than a dozen nearby universities joined <a href="Scottish_Informatics_and_Computer_Science_Alliance" title="Scottish Informatics and Computer Science Alliance">Scottish Informatics and Computer Science Alliance</a>. Some non-European universities have also adopted this definition (e.g. <a href="Kyoto_University_School_of_Informatics" title="Kyoto University School of Informatics">Kyoto University School of Informatics</a>).

In 2003, Yingxu Wang popularized term <a href="Cognitive_informatics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive informatics">cognitive informatics</a>, described as follows:<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Supplementary to matter and energy, information is the third essence for modeling the world. Cognitive informatics focuses on internal information processing mechanisms and the natural intelligence of the brain.</blockquote>

Informatics as a fundamental science of information in natural and artificial systems was proposed again in Russia in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>

In 2007, the influential book <a href="Decoding_the_Universe" title="Decoding the Universe">Decoding the Universe</a> was published.

Former president of <a href="Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a>, Peter Denning wrote in 2007:<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>

<blockquote class="templatequote">The old definition of computer science - the study of phenomena surrounding computers - is now obsolete. Computing is the study of natural and artificial information processes.</blockquote>

The 2008 <a href="Research_Assessment_Exercise" title="Research Assessment Exercise">Research Assessment Exercise</a>, of the UK Funding Councils, includes a new, Computer Science and Informatics, unit of assessment (UoA),<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> whose scope is described as follows:

<dl><dd>The UoA includes the study of methods for acquiring, storing, processing, communicating and reasoning about information, and the role of interactivity in natural and artificial systems, through the implementation, organisation and use of computer hardware, software and other resources. The subjects are characterised by the rigorous application of analysis, experimentation and design.</dd></dl>

In 2008, the construction of the <a href="Informatics_Forum" title="Informatics Forum">Informatics Forum</a> was completed. In 2018, the <a href="MIT_Schwarzman_College_of_Computing" title="MIT Schwarzman College of Computing">MIT Schwarzman College of Computing</a> was established. Its construction is planned to be completed in 2021.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Informatics_as_information_science">Informatics as information science</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">Library science</a></div>

In the fields of <a href="Geoinformatics" title="Geoinformatics">geoinformatics</a> or <a href="Irrigation_informatics" title="Irrigation informatics">irrigation informatics</a>, the term -informatics usually mean <a href="Information_science" title="Information science">information science</a>, in context related to <a href="Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">library science</a>. This was the first meaning of informatics introduced in <a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> in 1966 by A.I. Mikhailov, R.S. Gilyarevskii, and A.I. Chernyi, which referred to a scientific discipline that studies the structure and properties of scientific information.<a href="#cite_note-:0-22">[22]</a> In this context, the term was also used by the <a href="International_Neuroinformatics_Coordinating_Facility" title="International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility">International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility</a>. Some scientists use this term, however, to refer to the science of information processing, not <a href="Data_management" title="Data management">data management</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-28">[28]</a>

In the English-speaking world, the term informatics was first widely used in the compound <a href="Medical_informatics" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical informatics">medical informatics</a>, taken to include "the cognitive, information processing, and communication tasks of medical practice, education, and research, including information science and the technology to support these tasks".<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Many such compounds are now in use; they can be viewed as different areas of "applied informatics".

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Informatics_as_computer_science">Informatics as computer science</h2></div>

In some countries such as Germany, Russia, France, and Italy, the term informatics in many contexts (but not always) can translate directly to computer science.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_topics">Related topics</h3></div>

Computer scientists study computational processes and systems. Computing Research Repository (CoRR) classification distinguishes the following main topics in computer science (alphabetic order):<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>

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<ul><li><a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">computation and language</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">computational complexity</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_engineering" title="Computational engineering">computational engineering</a>, <a href="Computational_finance" title="Computational finance">finance</a>, and <a href="Computational_science" title="Computational science">science</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">computational geometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_game_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Computational game theory">computational game theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a> and <a href="Pattern_recognition" title="Pattern recognition">pattern recognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_computing" title="Social computing">computers and society</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a> and <a href="Computer_security" title="Computer security">security</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_structure" title="Data structure">data structures</a> and <a href="Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a></li>

<li><a href="Database" title="Database">databases</a> and <a href="Digital_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital libraries">digital libraries</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed</a>, <a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel</a> and <a href="Cluster_Computing_(journal)" title="Cluster Computing (journal)">cluster</a> computing</li>

<li><a href="Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">emerging technologies</a></li>

<li><a href="Formal_language" title="Formal language">formal languages</a> and <a href="Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">automata theory</a></li>

<li>general literature</li>

<li><a href="Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">graphics</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">hardware architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Human-computer_Interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-computer Interaction">human-computer Interaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">information retrieval</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_logic" title="Computational logic">logic in computer science</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">mathematical software</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiagent_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiagent systems">multiagent systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">networking</a> and <a href="Internet_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet architecture">internet architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Neural_computation" title="Neural computation">neural computing</a> and <a href="Evolutionary_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary computing">evolutionary computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">numerical analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a></li>

<li>other computer science</li>

<li><a href="Computer_performance" title="Computer performance">performance</a></li>

<li><a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_network" title="Social network">social</a> and <a href="Information_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Information networks">information networks</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound processing">sound</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbolic_computation" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolic computation">symbolic computation</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">systems</a> and <a href="Control_theory" title="Control theory">control</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals_and_conferences">Journals and conferences</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="List_of_computer_science_conferences" title="List of computer science conferences">List of computer science conferences</a></div>

<ul><li><a href="Information_and_Computation" title="Information and Computation">Information and Computation</a></li>

<li><a href="Acta_Informatica" title="Acta Informatica">Acta Informatica</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_Processing_Letters" title="Information Processing Letters">Information Processing Letters</a></li>

<li><a href="Neural_Information_Processing_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural Information Processing Systems">Neural Information Processing Systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Journal_of_Automata%2C_Languages_and_Combinatorics" title="Journal of Automata, Languages and Combinatorics">Journal of Automata, Languages and Combinatorics</a></li>

<li>International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li>

<li><a href="Conference_on_Computer_Vision_and_Pattern_Recognition" title="Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition">Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Symposium_on_Theory_of_Computing" title="Symposium on Theory of Computing">Symposium on Theory of Computing</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Conference_on_Computer_Vision" title="European Conference on Computer Vision">European Conference on Computer Vision</a></li>

<li>Brain Informatics<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Conference_on_Computer_Vision" title="International Conference on Computer Vision">International Conference on Computer Vision</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Conference_on_Machine_Learning" title="International Conference on Machine Learning">International Conference on Machine Learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Algorithmica" title="Algorithmica">Algorithmica</a></li>

<li><a href="Symposium_on_Foundations_of_Computer_Science" title="Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science">Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>)</li>

<li><a href="European_Symposium_on_Algorithms" title="European Symposium on Algorithms">European Symposium on Algorithms</a></li>

<li><a href="Fundamenta_Informaticae" title="Fundamenta Informaticae">Fundamenta Informaticae</a></li>

<li><a href="Symposium_on_Discrete_Algorithms" title="Symposium on Discrete Algorithms">Symposium on Discrete Algorithms</a></li>

<li><a href="Journal_of_Logic_and_Computation" title="Journal of Logic and Computation">Journal of Logic and Computation</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioinformatics_(journal)" title="Bioinformatics (journal)">Bioinformatics</a></li>

<li>Neural Computing and Applications<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li>

<li><a href="Autonomous_Agents_and_Multi-Agent_Systems" title="Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems">Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Symposium_on_Fundamentals_of_Computation_Theory" title="International Symposium on Fundamentals of Computation Theory">International Symposium on Fundamentals of Computation Theory</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Colloquium_on_Automata%2C_Languages_and_Programming" title="International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming">International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming</a></li>

<li>Journal of Scientific Computing<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li>

<li>Annual IEEE <a href="Symposium_on_Foundations_of_Computer_Science" title="Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science">Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science</a></li>

<li>Annual <a href="Symposium_on_Computational_Geometry" title="Symposium on Computational Geometry">Symposium on Computational Geometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Simulation_%26_Gaming" title="Simulation & Gaming">Simulation & Gaming</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li>

<li><a href="Journal_of_Machine_Learning_Research" title="Journal of Machine Learning Research">Journal of Machine Learning Research</a></li>

<li><a href="Journal_of_Artificial_Intelligence_Research" title="Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research">Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research</a></li>

<li><a href="ACM_Transactions_on_Graphics" title="ACM Transactions on Graphics">ACM Transactions on Graphics</a></li>

<li><a href="IEEE_Transactions_on_Visualization_and_Computer_Graphics" title="IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics">IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics</a></li>

<li><a href="IEEE_Transactions_on_Computers" title="IEEE Transactions on Computers">IEEE Transactions on Computers</a></li>

<li>IEEE/ACM <a href="International_Symposium_on_Microarchitecture" title="International Symposium on Microarchitecture">International Symposium on Microarchitecture</a></li>

<li>ACM Symposium on Computer and Communications Security<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li>

<li><a href="Symposium_on_Parallelism_in_Algorithms_and_Architectures" title="Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures">Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures</a></li>

<li><a href="Symposium_on_Foundations_of_Computer_Science" title="Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science">Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Community">Community</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_organisations">Related organisations</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Informatics_Europe" title="Informatics Europe">Informatics Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a></li>

<li><a href="IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Scottish_Informatics_and_Computer_Science_Alliance" title="Scottish Informatics and Computer Science Alliance">Scottish Informatics and Computer Science Alliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Computing_Research_Association" title="Computing Research Association">Computing Research Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Artificial_Intelligence" title="Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence">Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Society_for_Information_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="American Society for Information Science and Technology">American Society for Information Science and Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Federation_for_Information_Processing" title="International Federation for Information Processing">International Federation for Information Processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Association_for_Logic%2C_Language_and_Information" title="Association for Logic, Language and Information">Association for Logic, Language and Information</a></li>

<li><a href="Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Informatik" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesellschaft für Informatik">Gesellschaft für Informatik</a></li>

<li><a href="Association_for_Women_in_Computing" title="Association for Women in Computing">Association for Women in Computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_Science_Teachers_Association" title="Computer Science Teachers Association">Computer Science Teachers Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Computability_in_Europe" title="Computability in Europe">Computability in Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Association_for_Theoretical_Computer_Science" title="European Association for Theoretical Computer Science">European Association for Theoretical Computer Science</a></li>

<li><a href="Raspberry_Pi_Foundation" title="Raspberry Pi Foundation">Raspberry Pi Foundation</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_schools_and_departments">Academic schools and departments</h3></div>

<ul><li>Information School at <a href="University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li>

<li>College of Emergency Preparedness, Homeland Security and Cybersecurity at <a href="University_at_Albany%2C_SUNY" title="University at Albany, SUNY">University at Albany, SUNY</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li>

<li>Department of Informatics at <a href="University_of_California%2C_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">University of California, Irvine</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li>

<li>College of Literature, Science, and the Arts at <a href="University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a><a href="#cite_note-lsa.umich.edu-48">[48]</a></li>

<li>School of Information at <a href="The_University_of_Texas_at_Austin" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Texas at Austin">The University of Texas at Austin</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></li>

<li>Manning College of Information & Computer Sciences at <a href="University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst" title="University of Massachusetts Amherst">University of Massachusetts Amherst</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li>

<li><a href="Texas_Women's_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Women's University">Texas Women's University</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li>

<li>College of Literature, Science, and the Arts at <a href="University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a><a href="#cite_note-lsa.umich.edu-48">[48]</a></li>

<li>Department of Informatics at <a href="Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana University Bloomington</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li>

<li>School of Informatics and Computing at <a href="Indiana_University%E2%80%93Purdue_University_Indianapolis" title="Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis">Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></li>

<li>School of Information at <a href="San_Jose_State_University" title="San Jose State University">San Jose State University</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li>

<li>School of Computing and Informatics at <a href="University_of_Louisiana_at_Lafayette" title="University of Louisiana at Lafayette">University of Louisiana at Lafayette</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></li>

<li>Department of Computer Science at <a href="The_University_of_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Iowa">The University of Iowa</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li>

<li>Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering at <a href="Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li>

<li>School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems at <a href="Northern_Arizona_University" title="Northern Arizona University">Northern Arizona University</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li>

<li>School of Engineering and Computer Science at <a href="Baylor_University" title="Baylor University">Baylor University</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></li>

<li>College of Information Sciences and Technology at <a href="Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></li>

<li>College of Engineering and Computing at <a href="University_of_South_Carolina" title="University of South Carolina">University of South Carolina</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li>

<li>Doctoral School of Informatics at <a href="University_of_Debrecen" title="University of Debrecen">University of Debrecen</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li>

<li>School of Information Sciences at <a href="University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li>

<li><a href="University_of_Sussex" title="University of Sussex">University of Sussex</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li>

<li>Institute for Data Science & Informatics at <a href="University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li>

<li><a href="Norwegian_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Norwegian University of Science and Technology">Norwegian University of Science and Technology</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li>

<li>Department of Informatics at <a href="University_of_Bergen" title="University of Bergen">University of Bergen</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></li>

<li>School of Informatics at <a href="University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li>

<li>Department of Informatics at <a href="Technical_University_of_Munich" title="Technical University of Munich">Technical University of Munich</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li>

<li><a href="Universit%C3%A0_della_Svizzera_italiana" title="Università della Svizzera italiana">Università della Svizzera italiana</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Information_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Information Schools">List of Information Schools</a></li></ul>

</div>

<ul><li><a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Behavior_informatics" title="Behavior informatics">Behavior informatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_theory_of_mind" title="Computational theory of mind">Computational theory of mind</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">Computer simulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_processing" title="Data processing">Data processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_engineering" title="Data engineering">Data engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">Data analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Entscheidungsproblem" title="Entscheidungsproblem">Entscheidungsproblem</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_and_computer_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and computer science">Information and computer science</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_engineering" title="Information engineering">Information engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_system" title="Information system">Information system</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Models_of_neural_computation" title="Models of neural computation">Models of neural computation</a></li>

<li><a href="Neural_computation" title="Neural computation">Neural computation</a></li>

<li><a href="Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ischool.uw.edu/programs/informatics/curriculum">"University of Washington, BS Informatics"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.albany.edu/cehc/programs/bs-informatics">"University at Albany, BS Informatics"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.informatics.uci.edu/undergrad/bs-informatics/">"UC Irvine, B.S. Informatics"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.informatics.uci.edu/grad/ms-informatics/">"UC Irvine, M.S. Informatics"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.informatics.uci.edu/grad/phd-informatics/">"UC Irvine, Ph.D. Informatics"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-lsa.umich.edu-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lsa.umich.edu_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lsa.umich.edu_48-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lsa.umich.edu/stats/undergraduate-students/undergraduate-programs/informatics.html">"University of Michigan, Major in Informatics"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ischool.utexas.edu/programs/informatics">"University of Texas at Austin, Bachelor's Degree in Informatics"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cics.umass.edu/informatics">"University of Massachusetts Amherst, BS in Informatics"</a>. 22 September 2014.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twu.edu/informatics/undergraduate-programs/">"Texas Women's University, Informatics Bachelor of Science Degrees"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://informatics.indiana.edu/programs/bs-informatics/index.html">"Indiana University Bloomington, BS in Informatics"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://informatics.indiana.edu/programs/phd-informatics/index.html">"Indiana University Bloomington, Ph.D. in Informatics"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soic.iupui.edu/degrees/undergraduate/informatics/">"IUPUI, BS in Informatics"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ischool.sjsu.edu/ms-informatics">"San Jose State University, Master of Science in Informatics"</a>. 5 October 2020.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://computing.louisiana.edu/informatics/masters-informatics">"University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Master of Science in Informatics"</a>. 22 May 2017.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.registrar.uiowa.edu/liberal-arts-sciences/computer-science/informatics-bs/">"The University of Iowa, BS in Informatics"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.registrar.uiowa.edu/graduate-college/informatics/phd/">"The University of Iowa, Informatics, Ph.D."</a></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scai.engineering.asu.edu/informatics/">"Arizona State University, Informatics (BS)"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nau.edu/school-of-informatics-computing-and-cyber-systems/ms-informatics/">"Northern Arizona University, Informatics, Master of Science"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nau.edu/school-of-informatics-computing-and-cyber-systems/bs-informatics/">"Northern Arizona University, Informatics, Bachelor of Science"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecs.baylor.edu/index.php?id=961235">"Baylor University, Bachelor of Science in Informatics"</a>. 19 July 2022.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ist.psu.edu/prospective/graduate/ms-informatics">"Penn State College of IST, M.S. in Informatics"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ist.psu.edu/prospective/graduate/phd-informatics">"Penn State College of IST, Ph.D. in Informatics"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academicbulletins.sc.edu/graduate/engineering-computing/integrated-information-technology/informatics-phd/">"University of South Carolina, Informatics, Ph.D."</a></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edu.unideb.hu/p/informatics-phd">"University of Debrecen, Informatics, PhD"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://informatics.ischool.illinois.edu/informatics-phd/">"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Informatics PhD"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sussex.ac.uk/study/phd/degrees/informatics-phd">"University of Sussex, Informatics PhD"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.missouri.edu/graduateschool/informatics/phd-informatics/">"University of Missouri, PhD in Informatics"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntnu.edu/studies/msit">"Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Master of Science in Informatics"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uib.no/en/ii/52927/phd-informatics">"University of Bergen, PhD in informatics"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/studying/undergraduate/degrees/index.php?action=programme&code=G500">"University of Edinburgh, MInf Informatics"</a>. 20 February 2023.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.in.tum.de/en/for-prospective-students/apply-for-admission/masters-programs/informatics/">"Technical University of Munich, M.Sc. Informatics"</a>. 31 July 2023.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usi.ch/en/education/master/informatics">"Università della Svizzera italiana, Master in Informatics"</a>.</cite>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFInformatics_Europe2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Informatics_Europe" title="Informatics Europe">Informatics Europe</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acm.org/binaries/content/assets/public-policy/acm-europe-ie-i4all-strategy-2018.pdf">Informatics for All The Strategy</a> (PDF).</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSchool_of_Informatics1994" class="citation web cs1"><a href="School_of_Informatics%2C_University_of_Edinburgh" title="School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh">School of Informatics</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/files/atoms/files/what20is20informatics.pdf">"What is Informatics?"</a> (PDF).</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFInformatics_Europe2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Informatics_Europe" title="Informatics Europe">Informatics Europe</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.informatics-europe.org/component/phocadownload/category/10-reports.html?download=128:informatics-education-europe-data-2013-2018.pdf">Informatics Education in Europe: Institutions, Degrees, Students, Positions, Salaries in 2013-2018</a> (PDF).</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFInformatics_Europe_&_ACM_Europe_Working_Group2013" class="citation web cs1">Informatics Europe & ACM Europe Working Group (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.informatics-europe.org/component/phocadownload/category/10-reports.html?download=40:joint-informatics-europe-and-acm-europe-report-on-informatics-education-in-europe.pdf">"Informatics Education: Europe cannot Afford to Miss the Boat"</a> (PDF).</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFThe_Committee_on_European_Computing_Education2018" class="citation web cs1">The Committee on European Computing Education (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.informatics-europe.org/component/phocadownload/category/10-reports.html?download=60:cece-report.pdf">"Informatics Education in Europe: Are We All In The Same Boat?"</a> (PDF).</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Edinburgh2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/publications/online/0139.pdf">Entry for informatics to appear in International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science</a> (PDF).</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFInformatics_Europe2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Informatics_Europe" title="Informatics Europe">Informatics Europe</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.informatics-europe.org/component/phocadownload/category/10-reports.html?download=39:informatics-doctorates-in-europe-some-facts-and-figures.pdf">Informatics Doctorates in Europe - Some Facts and Figures</a> (PDF).</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFInformatics_Europe2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Informatics_Europe" title="Informatics Europe">Informatics Europe</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.informatics-europe.org/component/phocadownload/category/10-reports.html?download=76:research-evaluation-2018.pdf">Informatics research evaluation</a> (PDF).</cite></li></ul>

</div>

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</style><div id="Information_processing141" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information processing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Information processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">information processes by function</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Perception" title="Perception">perception</a></li>

<li><a href="Attention" title="Attention">attention</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_influence" title="Social influence">influence</a></li>

<li><a href="Remote_control" title="Remote control">operating</a></li>

<li><a href="Communication" title="Communication">communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Reason" title="Reason">reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Learning" title="Learning">learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Information storage">storing</a></li>

<li><a href="Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">information processing abstractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Event_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Event processing">event processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Semiotics" title="Semiotics">sign processesing</a></li>

<li><a href="Signal" title="Signal">signal processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_processing" title="Data processing">data processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">stream processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-agent_system" title="Multi-agent system">agent processing</a></li>

<li><a href="State_(computer_science)" title="State (computer science)">state processing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Information processors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Natural_computing#Nature_as_information_processing" title="Natural computing">nature as information processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_processing_theory#Humans_as_Information_Processing_Systems" title="Information processing theory">humans as information processing systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_information_processing" title="Social information processing">society as information processing system</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mixed_reality" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed reality">mixed reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">brain–computer interface</a></li>

<li><a href="Physical_computing" title="Physical computing">physical computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">human–computer interaction</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">artificial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">processors</a> and <a href="Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">processes</a></li>

<li><a href="Bio-inspired_computing" title="Bio-inspired computing">bio-inspired computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">ubiquitous computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_brain" title="Artificial brain">artificial brain</a> and <a href="Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading">mind uploading</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_world" title="Virtual world">virtual world</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Information processing theories and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">in biology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">computational</a> and <a href="Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">systems biology</a></li>

<li><a href="Genome_informatics" title="Genome informatics">genetic informatics</a> and <a href="Cellular_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular computing">cellular computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_neuroscience" title="Computational neuroscience">computational neuroscience</a> and <a href="Neurocomputing" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurocomputing">neurocomputing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">in cognitive psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Information_processing_theory" title="Information processing theory">information processing theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Mind" title="Mind">mind</a> and <a href="Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_informatics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive informatics">cognitive informatics</a> and <a href="Neuroinformatics" title="Neuroinformatics">neuroinformatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Behavior_informatics" title="Behavior informatics">behavior informatics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">in computer science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Neural_computation" title="Neural computation">neural computation</a></li>

<li><a href="Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">computation theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Algorithms" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithms">algorithms</a> and <a href="Information_structure" title="Information structure">information structures</a></li>

<li><a href="Circuit_(computer_science)" title="Circuit (computer science)">computational circuits</a></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">in philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computational_theory_of_mind" title="Computational theory of mind">computational theory of mind</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">philosophy of information</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">interdisciplinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">decision theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">systems theory</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Infosphere" title="Infosphere">infosphere</a></li>

<li><a href="Inforg" title="Inforg">inforg</a></li>

<li><a href="Decoding_the_Universe" title="Decoding the Universe">Decoding the Universe</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_overload" title="Information overload">information overload</a></li></ul>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-24" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Informatics&oldid=1297184969">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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